Asymptomatic and symptomatic embolic events in infective endocarditis: associated factors and clinical impact

ABSTRACT Background: Embolic complications of infective endocarditis are common. The impact of asymptomatic embolism is uncertain. Objectives: To determine the frequency of emboli due to IE and to identify events associated with embolism. Methods: Retrospective analysis of an endocarditis database, prospectively implemented, with a post hoc study driven by analysis of data on embolic events. Data was obtained from the International Collaboration Endocarditis case report forms and additional information on embolic events and imaging reports were obtained from the medical records. Variables associated with embolism were analyzed by the statistical software R version 3.1.0. Results: In the study period, 2006-2011, 136 episodes of definite infective endocarditis were included. The most common complication was heart failure (55.1%), followed by embolism (50%). Among the 100 medical records analyzed for emboli in left-sided infective endocarditis, 36 (36%) were found to have had asymptomatic events, 11 (11%) to the central nervous system and 28 (28%) to the spleen. Cardiac surgery was performed in 98/136 (72%). In the multivariate analysis, splenomegaly was the only associated factor for embolism to any site (p < 0.01, OR 4.7, 95% CI 2.04-11). Factors associated with embolism to the spleen were positive blood cultures (p = 0.05, OR 8.9, 95% CI 1.45-177) and splenomegaly (p < 0.01, OR 9.28, 95% CI 3.32-29); those associated to the central nervous system were infective endocarditis of the mitral valve (p < 0.05, OR 3.5, 95% CI 1.23-10) and male gender (p < 0.05, OR 3.2, 95% CI 1.04-10). Splenectomy and cardiac surgery did not impact on in-hospital mortality. Conclusions: Asymptomatic embolism to the central nervous system and to the spleen were frequent. Splenomegaly was consistently associated with embolic events.

Myocardial Scintigraphy in the Evaluation of Cardiac Events in Patients without Typical Symptoms / Cintilografia Miocárdica na Avaliação de Eventos Cardíacos em Pacientes sem Sintomas Cardíacos Típicos

AbstractBackground:Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death in the world and in Brazil. Myocardial scintigraphy is an important noninvasive method for detecting ischemia in symptomatic patients, but its use in asymptomatic ones or those with atypical symptoms is yet to be defined.Objective:To verify the presence of major cardiac events in asymptomatic patients or those with atypical symptoms (atypical chest pain or dyspnea) that underwent myocardial scintigraphy (MS), over a period of 8 years. Secondary objectives were to identify cardiac risk factors associated with myocardial scintigraphy abnormalities and possible predictors for major cardiac events in this group.Methods:This was a retrospective, observational study using the medical records of 892 patients that underwent myocardial scintigraphy between 2005 and 2011 and who were followed until 2013 for assessment of major cardiac events and risk factors associated with myocardial scintigraphy abnormalities. Statistical analysis was performed by Fisher’s exact test, logistic regression and Kaplan-Meyer survival curves, with statistical significance being set at p ≤ 0.05.Results:Of the total sample, 52.1% were men, 86.9% were hypertensive, 72.4% had hyperlipidemia, 33.6% were diabetic, and 12.2% were smokers; 44.5% had known coronary artery disease; and 70% had high Framingham score, 21.8% had moderate and 8% had low risk. Of the myocardial scintigraphies, 58.6% were normal, 26.1% suggestive of fibrosis and 15.3% suggestive of ischemia. At evolution, 13 patients (1.5%) had non-fatal myocardial infarction and six individuals (0.7%) died. The group with normal myocardial scintigraphy showed longer period of time free of major cardiac events, non-fatal myocardial infarction (p = 0.036) and death. Fibrosis in the myocardial scintigraphy determined a 2.4-fold increased risk of non-fatal myocardial infarction and five-fold higher risk of death (odds ratio: 2.4 and 5.7, respectively; p = 0.043).Conclusion:The occurrence of major cardiac events in 8 years was small. Patients with fibrosis at MS had more major events, whereas patients with normal MS result had fewer major cardiac events, with higher survival.

ResumoFundamento:A doença cardiovascular é uma das principais causas de óbito no Brasil e no mundo. A cintilografia miocárdica tem papel estabelecido na detecção de isquemia de pacientes sintomáticos, mas sua indicação em assintomáticos ou naqueles com sintomas atípicos ainda não está definida.Objetivo:Identificar eventos maiores em pacientes assintomáticos ou com sintomas atípicos (dor torácica atípica ou dispneia) que realizaram cintilografia miocárdica, em até 8 anos. Como objetivos secundários, citamos identificar os fatores de risco associados às alterações na cintilografia miocárdica e os possíveis preditores para eventos maiores nesse grupo.Métodos:Estudo retrospectivo, observacional, por revisão de prontuário, de 892 pacientes que realizaram cintilografia miocárdica entre 2005 e 2011, com seguimento até 2013, para avaliação de eventos maiores e análise dos fatores de risco associados à cintilografia miocárdica alterada. A análise estatística foi realizada por testes de Fisher, regressão logística e curva de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier, com p significativo se ≤ 0,05.Resultados:Do total dos pacientes da amostra, 52,1% eram homens, 86,9% hipertensos, 72,4% dislipidêmicos, 33,6% diabéticos, e 12,2% tabagistas; 44,5% tinham doença arterial coronária conhecida; e 70% apresentavam escore de Framingham alto, 21,8% moderado e 8% baixo risco. Das cintilografias miocárdicas, 58,6% foram normais; 26,1%, sugestivas de fibrose; e 15,3%, de isquemia. Na evolução, 13 pacientes (1,5%) apresentaram infarto do miocárdio não fatal e 6 pacientes (0,7%) foram a óbito. O grupo com cintilografia miocárdica normal apresentou maior tempo livre de eventos maiores, infarto do miocárdio não fatal (p = 0,036) e morte (p = 0,019). A fibrose determinou risco 2,4 vezes maior de infarto do miocárdio não fatal e cinco vezes maior de morte (odds ratio: 2,4 e 5,7, respectivamente; p = 0,043).Conclusão:A ocorrência de eventos maiores em até 8 anos no grupo estudado foi pequena. Pacientes com fibrose na cintilografia miocárdica apresentaram mais eventos maiores. Pacientes com cintilografia miocárdica normal apresentaram menos eventos maiores, com sobrevida maior.